Shubham Kaushik

Log-structured merge (LSM) tree is an ingestion-optimized data structure that is widely used in modern NoSQL key-value stores. To support high throughput for writes, LSM-trees maintain an in-memory buffer that absorbs the incoming entries before writing them to slower secondary storage. We point out that the choice of the data structure and implementation of the memory buffer has a significant impact on the overall performance of LSM-based storage engines. In fact, even with the same implementation of the buffer, the performance of a storage engine can vary by up to several orders of magnitude if there is a shift in the input workload. In this paper, we benchmark the performance of LSM-based storage engines with different memory buffer implementations and under different workload characteristics. We experiment with four buffer implementations, namely, (i) vector, (ii) skip-list, (iii) hash skip-list, and (iv) hash linked-list, and for each implementation, we vary any design choices (such as bucket count in a hash skip-list and prefix length in a hash linked-list). We present a comprehensive performance benchmark for each buffer configuration, and highlight how the relative performance of the different buffer implementations varies with a shift in input workload. Lastly, we present a guideline for selecting the appropriate buffer implementation for a given workload and performance goal.

Object-oriented development is a mechanism in which objects provide services to other objects by various means like inheritance, polymorphism, etc. Faults, in object-oriented software, may occur at two levels i.e. object level and interaction level (when one object provides/receives some services from others). A formal representation, of an object-oriented system, may be helpful to understand the behavior of software faults. Faults identification, at earlier stages, may help during the development and testing stages. In this paper, an attempt has been made to model several faults, in an object-oriented system, with the help of Colored Petri Nets. First, a formal representation of object-oriented properties is depicted by Colored Petri Nets. Secondly, various possible faults are modeled using different programming scenarios. The main emphasis was on faults that may arise due to objects and their interactions i.e. inheritance and polymorphism state. Such information may be useful during the testing and maintenance phases of software development.